Definition of Pronoun- Banking exam Preparation notes on English

Pronoun

A Pronoun is defined as a word which can be used instead of a Noun or it is word or forms that substitute for a Noun.

1.          The Spider is making their cobweb.
2.          The person, who wins prize, brings honor to his school.

Kinds of Pronoun

Personal Pronoun- A personal pronoun which denote an entity of a specific person or thing.

Some personal pronouns are given – My, we, you, he, she, their, them etc.

These are of two types-

Subject Pronouns – Subject pronoun means that the person in the sentence is acting as the Subject.

1.          I like to eat chips, but she does not.
2.         When he was young, he earned his living as a labor.

Objective Personal Pronoun – Object pronouns indicate that the person or thing is the object of the sentence or clause.

1.          Jyoti likes me but not her.
2.          After reading this paper Ankur threw it into dustbin.

Possessive Personal Pronoun – Possessive Personal Pronoun is used to indicate possession and defines who owns a particular object or person.

1.          He is arranging his school bag.
2.          I am starting my work.

Demonstrative Pronoun - Some pronoun points to someone. They are called Demonstrative Pronoun. They point to near or far nouns, one or many nouns.

1.          That is dark cloud.
2.          These are your achievements which we shall praise.

Distributive Pronoun- Distributive Pronouns are used to refer persons or things one at a time.

1.          Each of women received the reward.
2.         Either he or she can go.

Indefinite pronoun – It refers to general categories of people or thing. It replaces nouns that are not specified.

1.          Anyone can do that.
2.          Somebody has stolen his gift.

Relative Pronoun – Relative Pronoun refer back to people or things previously mentioned.

1.         Those, who obey their parents, rise in life.
2.          Poor people, whom no one cares for, live-in slums.

Interrogative Pronoun – these pronouns are used to ask questions.

Interrogative Pronoun as Subject-

1.   Who said that “Swaraj is my Birthright”
2.    Which of these questions is the easiest?

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Rules related to Noun- Banking exam preparation notes on English Grammar

Rules related to Noun

Ø In English language There are some nouns which ends  in( –s) and the same form can function as a singular and a plural noun as well.Some of these words are Alms , Species , Means , Series etc.

·         The Airplanes   are the fastest  means of transport.

·        Which are your favorite TV- series?

Ø Nouns with a singular form but have a plural meaning. These are Government, Audience, Team, Crowd, Family, Group etc.

·        Budha’s family was against with their  views.

·        Government made rules for women security.

Ø Some Nouns in English seem to have a plural form but infact they have a singular meaning .Some of these words are News , Riches , Mums , Scissors  Spectacles etc.

·        Riches have wings.

·        Billiards is very famous game.

Ø There are also some nouns which only have plural form and , consequently are followed by a plural verb. Many of these are used with the phrase a pair of as they refer to something made up of two parts.

·        These are scissors are for cutting papers.

·        She badly needed  clothes , so I gave a suit to her.

Ø Some nouns which ends in (-ics) can take both a singular(if they are considered as the name of the Science) or a plural verb(if they express a specific application of Science) Some of these words are Mathematics , Economics , Politics , Acoustics , Rhetorics , Gymnastics.

·        Economics teacher was very strict.

·        Acoustics is the study of sounds.

                  Exercise related to Noun

Correct the following Sentences--

·        All the players were in high spirit.

Correct- All the players were in high spirits.

·        Our surrounding is awful.

         Correct- Our surroundings are awful.

·        The clock has struck three hours.

         Correct-The clock has struck three.

·        He took his clothings and left the place without informing us.

         Correct- He took his clothing and left the place without informing us.

·        Sohan left the place with his belonging goods.

         Correct-Sohan left the place with his goods.

·        Can we rely on these informations.

         Correct- Can we rely on pieces of information?

·        Little things has been done.

         Correct- Little has been done.

·        There was lot of mistakes in your exercise?

        Correct- There were a lot of mistakes in your exercise.

·        We have an urgent business.

         Correct- We have an urgent piece of business.

·        I could not get good mark in English.

        Correct- I could not get good marks in English.

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Possessive Nouns with ten examples

Possessive Nouns

Proper and common noun can sometimes be further classified as possessive nouns.          

                                                 

In the possessive case, a noun changes its form to show that it owns or is closely related to something else. Usually, nouns become possessive by adding a combination of an apostrophe and the letter “s”.

 Examples-

1. The only luggage that was lost was the prime minister’s.
2. The miner’s face was covered in coal dust.
3. Where is Ram's telephone?
4. Who took Ravi's pen?
5. The ambulance’s seats are very uncomfortable for patients.
6. The boy’s Hockey team will be selected for final match.
7. She plans on opening a women's Beauty parlor.
8. Children's programming is not a high priority.
9. This is Mera's car.
10. I like Hema's hair.

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Definition of Noun and types of Noun- English Grammar for banking exam prepration

Noun

A noun is a word denoting a Person, place, animal, thing or abstract idea.

• America is the powerful country in the world.
• Philosophy is of little comfort to the starving.

                          Types of noun

Proper noun -   Proper Noun is a special word that represents the name of a specific person, place or organization. The names of days, historical documents, religions, their holy texts are Proper Noun.

• Many people dread   Monday morning.
• Bhagat singh was a great patriot.
• David Garrick was a very prominent eighteenth-century actor.

Common noun-   A common Noun is a noun referring to a person, place or thing in general sense. It denotes a group or collection of similar thing.

• Many childcare workers are underpaid.
• According to the sign, the nearest town is 60 miles away.
• All the gardens in the neighborhood were invaded by beetles this summer.

Abstract Noun- an Abstract Noun   is a noun which names anything which we cannot   perceive through your five physical senses. We cannot  see , hear smell or taste an Abstract Noun.

• Many people do not believe that truths are self-evident.
• Buying the fire extinguisher was an afterthought.
• He was very mischievous in his childhood.

Concrete Noun- Concrete Noun is a Noun which names anything that we can perceive through our physical senses like touch, sight, taste, hearing or Smell. It is the opposite of an Abstract Noun.

• I saw a dog at the beach which spends hours chasing waves.
• The LIC agent urged the couple to buy the new health policy.

Collective Noun- A collective noun is a noun naming a group of things, animals, or persons. You could count the individual members of the group, but you usually think of the group as a whole is generally as one unit.

• The steering committee meets every Wednesday afternoon.
• The Class was startled by the bursting light bulb.
• The Jury is dining on take-out chicken tonight.

Material Noun- Material noun is a noun which denotes matter or substance of which a thing is made or an ingredient of an alloy.

• Iron is very hard metal.
• Diamond is more precious than gold.
• This chair is made of wood.

Countable Noun- Countable Noun is a Noun with both a singular and plural form and it indicates something that you can count.

• We painted the table red and chair black.
• The Oak tree lost its branches in the hurricane.

Uncountable Noun- a Non-Countable Noun (or Mass noun) is a Noun which refers to something that you could not usually count.

• Joseph Priestly discovered Oxygen.
• Water is an essential to human life.

Some Examples of Countable and Uncountable Noun

Countable Noun-

1. This Film is based on the culture of Rajasthan.
2. There were few people on the road
3. A number of questions arose at the discussion.
4. Each question in the paper carries one mark.
5. She got enough pens for the Exams.

Non-Countable Noun-

1. Oxygen is essential for Human life.
2. Now the time is over for the offer.
3. He takes other’s advice for final results.
4. There’s little hope that he will survive.
5. Most of the time he is not at home.

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object oriented programming- its features and benifites

Object oriented programming treats data as a critical element in the program development and these elements called objects. The objects- oriented programming (OOP) is a programming language which model organized around the objects. Oops allow decomposition of a problem with number of entities called objects.

In the objects oriented programming language, object refers to a specific type or “instance” of a class. Each object has a structure similar to other objects in the class, but each object can assign individual characteristics. Object can also call functions or methods. Basically, Objects are the run- time entities in the object oriented programming. It may represent a person, a place, class students, a bank account, a table of data or any items that the program is to be use.  

Objects oriented programming has one of the programming buzzword today. These appears to be a great deal of interest and excitement among the software engineers in using Oops.

Some Features of object oriented programming:

It is emphasis the data rather than procedure.

In the Oops, programs are divided into objects.

Data structure are designed such they characterize the objects.

Functions that operate on the data of an object are tied together.

Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external functions.

Objects can communicate with each other through the functions.

The programming areas for application of Oops are-

1. Real time systems,
2. Objects oriented data base,
3. Simulation and modeling,
4. Artificial Intelligence
5. Expert system
6. Natural networks and parallel programming
7. Hypertext, hypermedia
8. Decision Support and office automation system
9. CIM (computer Integrated Manufacturing) system,
10. CAM (computer Aided Manufacturing) / CAD (Computer Aided design) system,

The most popular application of OOP has been the area of user interface design such as Windows. Most Windowing systems have been developed using the Oops technology.

Benefits of objects oriented programming:

• Through Inheritance features of objects oriented programming, we can create object for one program and it can easily be reused in the other programs.
• We can build program from the standard working module that communicate with one another.
• The principle of data hiding helps the programmer to build secure programs. And programmers can hide a particular part of code in the programme for security.
• It is easy to work partition in a project-based on objects.
• Large programs are very difficult to write, but in the object oriented programs programmer to go through an extensive planning phase, which makes better designing flow for programme.
• Object oriented system can be easily upgraded from small to large systems and its maintenance charge is very less.
• Object oriented system base software complexity can be easily managed.
• Object oriented programming leads to saving of development time and it providing higher productivity.

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Data structure through C- easy class notes

Data Structure

Introduction to Data Structure:

A data structure is a collection of one or more variable, possibly of different types. It is a collection of data items grouped together under a single name for convenient handling. Basically, it is specialized way of storing and organizing data in a computer for using in the program. Data structure is also called records in some language, like pascal.

Data structure are generally based on the ability of a computer to fetch and store data at any place in its memory; by address and manipulated by the programmed at any time in the program me.

 Data structures = Organized data + operations.

Use of data structure:

Data structure basically used to manage large amounts of data efficiently.

Data structures help to recognize complicated data, particularly in very large programs because it permits a group of related variable to be treated as a unit instead of separate items.

Typical operations on a data structure are:

ADD

INSERT

DELETE

FIRST

NEXT

LAST

LOCATE

Type of Data Structure:

Array

Stacks

Queues

Linked lists

Tree

Graph

Structures

Array: An array is a collection of similar elements stored in adjacent memory location. It is called linear data structure. It is a collection of homogeneous (similar type) data elements. Its elements are stored in computer memory in a linear way.

Stacks:  A stack is an ordered collection of items into which all the insertions and deletion are performed at one end called the TOP of stack. The insertion operations are known as PUSH and deletion operation as POP. And stack processed in LIFO way, means (last in first out).  

Queues:  queues is defined as a list in which items may be deleted at one end called the front of the queue, and items may be inserted at the other end, called the rear of the queue. This process is called FIFO (first in first out).

Linked List:  Linked list is defined as a linear collection of data elements called nodes; where each node consists of two parts; first part is information and pointer to next node. The last node contains NULL pointer. 

Tree: A tree is a non linear collection of nodes. In the computer science the tree is represented upside to down i.e., the root on the top and the remaining nodes downward.

tree

Structure:  structure is a collection of logically related fields. And fields may be same or different types.  

Graph: graph is a set of nodes or vertices and a set of arcs or edges where each arc is specified by  a pair of nodes.  

graph

                                     

  

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